Retinal Diseases

Retina and Retinal Diseases

The retina is the neural layer at the back of the eye that detects light and transmits signals to the brain. Disorders of the retina can lead to vision loss and some conditions require urgent treatment.

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

The macula is responsible for central vision. Age-related macular degeneration has two types: dry and wet.

• Dry type: Progresses slowly with cell loss.

• Wet type: Causes rapid vision loss due to abnormal vessel growth.

Symptoms:

• Blurred central vision

• Distorted straight lines

• Difficulty reading

Treatment:

• Vitamin supplements

• Anti-VEGF injections

Diabetic Retinopathy

Retinal vessels are damaged due to long-term diabetes.
Symptoms:

• Fluctuating vision

• Floaters or spots

• Sudden vision loss in advanced stages

Treatment:

• Blood sugar control

• Laser therapy

• Anti-VEGF therapy

• Vitrectomy

Retinal Detachment

Separation of the retina from its underlying tissue and is an emergency condition.
Symptoms:

• Light flashes

• Sudden floaters

• Curtain-like shadow in vision

Treatment:

• Emergency surgery

• Laser or cryotherapy

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)

A progressive inherited retinal disease.
Symptoms:

• Night vision loss

• Peripheral vision loss

Treatment:

• Supportive therapies

• Genetic counseling

Macular Hole and Epiretinal Membrane (ERM)

Structural abnormalities in the macular region.
Symptoms:

• Decreased central vision

• Visual distortion

Treatment:

• Vitrectomy surgery

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC)

Fluid accumulation under the retina.
Symptoms:

• Blurred central vision

• Color fading

Treatment:

• Observation

• Laser or medical therapy

Diagnostic Methods

• Fundus examination

• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

• Fluorescein Angiography

• OCT Angiography

• Ultrasonography (B-Scan)